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#onthisdayineurope

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On this day in 1783, the Pyroscaphe, the world's first steamboat, is demonstrated by Claude François de Jouffroy d'Abbans on the river Saône.

On this day in 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

On this day in 1834, the Spanish Inquisition is officially abolished after 356 years.

On this day in 1941, the Nazis begin the deportation of 100000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands to extermination camps.

On this day in 1789, the French Revolution begins with the storming of the Bastille, a medieval fortress and prison in Paris. It's now France's national day.

On this day in 1865, Edward Whymper becomes the first person to climb the Matterhorn, one of the most iconic peaks in the Alps.

On this day in 1933, in the 'Gleichschaltung', Hitler takes a big step towards totalitarian rule by abolishing all German political parties except the Nazis.

On this day in 1558, France recaptures Calais, the last possession of England in Continental Europe.

On this day in 1713, Spain cedes Gibraltar and Menorca to Great Britain in one of the treaties of Utrecht.

On this day in 1878, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become independent of the Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Berlin.

On this day in 1955, the last execution of a woman in the UK, Ruth Ellis, takes place at Holloway Prison in London.

On this day in 1906, Alfred Dreyfus is found innocent of treason in France in the Dreyfus Affair.

On this day in 1920, Soviet Russia recognises the independence of Lithuania in exchange for its neutrality and for safe passage for Russian troops to Poland.

On this day in 1962, iconic British rock band the Rolling Stones perform their first show, at the Marquee Club in London.

On this day in 1302, in the Battle of the Golden Spurs, a coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.

On this day in 1895, film pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière, credited with inventing cinema, show their film to scientists.

On this day in 1899, carmaker Fiat is founded by Giovanni Agnelli in Turin.

On this day in 2021, Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson is launched aboard his company's SpaceShipTwo.

On this day in 988, the city of Dublin is founded on the banks of the river Liffey.

On this day in 1652, England declares war on The Netherlands, starting the 1st Anglo-Dutch war.

On this day in 1919, Dutch parliament approves women's right to vote.

On this day in 1940, the German Luftwaffe launches an air campaign against England, the Battle of Britain.

On this day in 1991, Boris Yeltsin takes office as first elected President of Russia.

On this day in 1763, the Mozart family grand tour of Europe begins, lifting the profile of son Wolfgang Amadeus.

On this day in 1810, Napoleon annexes Holland as part of the French Empire.

On this day in 1877, the first ever Wimbledon tennis championship is held.

On this day in 1934, Heinrich Himmler takes command of Nazi Concentration Camps.

On this day in 2024, the first Ariane 6, ESA's new heavy-lift rocket, launches from French Guiana.

On this day in 1716, Sweden loses the naval Battle of Dynekilen forcing it to abandon its invasion of Norway.

On this day in 1884, the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is established, it would become the UK’s National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

On this day in 1905, the mutineers on Russian battleship "Potemkin" surrender to Romanian authorities, who turn the ship over to Russian authorities.

On this day in 1981, the solar-powered Solar Challenger successfully completes a 262 km flight across the Channel.

On this day in 1985, Boris Becker becomes the youngest winner of Wimbledon, at age 17.

On this day in 1990, the first 'Three Tenors' concert featuring Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti is held in Rome.

On this day in 2005, attacks on London's transport system kill 56 people, including four suicide bombers.

On this day in 1885, Louis Pasteur successfully tests his rabies vaccine on Joseph Meister, saving his life.

On this day in 1912, the fifth Summer Olympics open in Stockholm.

On this day in 1942, Anne Frank and her family go into hiding above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.

On this day in 1988, the Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 167 oil workers.

On this day in 1687, Isaac Newton's work Principia is published by the Royal Society in England, outlining the laws of motion.

On this day in 1946, the first bikini, named after the Bikini atoll, makes its debut in Paris.

On this day in 1996, Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, is born near Edinburgh.

On this day in 2012, The Shard, at 310 metres Europe's tallest building, is opened in London.

On this day in 1837, the Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.

On this day in 1865, Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is first published.

On this day in 1954, food rationing in the UK ends, 9 years after the end of WW2.

On this day in 2012, scientists at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announce detection of a signal later confirmed to be from a Higgs boson.

On this day in 1767, Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, publishes its first edition.

On this day in 1886, Karl Benz unveils the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, considered the world’s first true car.

On this day in 1928, John Logie Baird demonstrates the first colour television transmission in London.

On this day in 1938, the world speed record for a steam locomotive is set in England, by the Mallard, reaching 202.58 km/h.

On this day in 1266, Norway signs the Treaty of Perth, recognising Scottish sovereignty over the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.

On this day in 1570, the Ottoman Empire invades Venetian controlled Cyprus and lays siege to its cities.

On this day in 1897, Guglielmo Marconi obtains a patent for radio in London.

On this day in 1900, the first airship, designed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, makes a first flight near Friedrichshafen.

On this day in 1903, the first Tour de France is held, now cycling's most prestigious event.

On this day in 1990, East Germany accepts the Deutschmark as its currency, reuniting the East and West German economies.

On this day in 1991, Finnish operator Radiolinja launches the world's first GSM network.

On this day in 2002, the International Criminal Court in The Hague begins sittings.

On this day in 2013, Croatia becomes the 28th EU member.

On this day in 1894, London's iconic Tower Bridge opens.

On this day in 1905, Albert Einstein submits a paper, “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper”, to Annalen der Physik, outlining his theory of special relativity.

On this day in 1934, the "Night of the Long Knives", Adolf Hitler's violent purge of his political rivals in Germany, takes place.

On this day in 1937, the world's first emergency telephone number (999) is introduced in London.

On this day in 1444, Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman invasion force at Torvioll.

On this day in 1613, London's Globe Theatre is destroyed by a fire set off by a theatre cannon during a performance of Shakespeare's "Henry VIII".

On this day in 1971, cosmonauts Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev, become the first humans to die in space when their Soyuz 11 spacecraft depressurises.

On this day in 1846, the saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax.

On this day in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo, leading to WWI.

On this day in 1919, the Treaty of Versailles ends World War I.

On this day in 1926, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merge their car companies, forming Mercedes-Benz.

On this day in 2001, Slobodan Milošević is extradited to the Yugoslavia Tribunal in The Hague.

On this day in 1941, Romanian authorities launch one of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history in the city of Iași, killing over 13000 Jews.

On this day in 1954, the world's first nuclear power station opens, in Obninsk near Moscow.

On this day in 1967, the world's first ATM is installed by Barclays Bank in London.

On this day in 1991, after declaring independence, Slovenia is invaded by Yugoslavian troops, starting the Ten-Day War.

On this day in 1906, the Automobile Club de France holds the first Grand Prix motor race, at Le Mans.

On this day in 1936, the world's first practical helicopter, the twin-rotor Focke-Wulf Fw 61, is tested in Bremen.

On this day in 1963, US President John F. Kennedy delivers his famous 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech in West Berlin.

On this day in 1997, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first in the series, is published in London.