There's no edit button on Mastodon (partly due to the massive potential for abuse), but there is something similar called "Delete & re-draft".
Selecting this option deletes your post and puts it back in the editing box so you can quickly make changes and re-post it. Note that this will orphan any replies and remove any boosts or likes.
You can do this by clicking "..." below one of your posts and selecting "Delete & re-draft".